Effects of the American Revolution on Britain

American success in the Revolutionary War created a new nation, while British failure tore away part of the empire. Such consequences were inevitably going to have impacts, but historians debate their extent compared with those of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, which would test Britain soon after their American experience. Modern readers might expect Britain to have suffered greatly as a result of losing the war, but its possible to argue that the hostilities were survived so well that Britain could fight a very long war against Napoleon soon after. Financial Effect Britain spent a huge amount of money fighting the Revolutionary War, sending the national debt soaring and creating a yearly interest of nearly 10 million pounds. Taxes had to be raised as a result. The trade that Britain had relied on for wealth was severely interrupted. Imports and exports experienced large drops and the following recession caused stocks and land prices to plummet. Trade was also affected by naval attacks from Britain’s enemies, and thousands of merchant ships were captured. On the other hand, wartime industries, such as the naval suppliers and the part of the textile industry that made uniforms, experienced a boost. Unemployment fell as Britain struggled to find enough men for the army, which caused them to hire German soldiers. British privateers experienced as much success preying on enemy merchant ships as almost any of their opponents. The effects on trade were short term. British trade with the new USA rose to the same level as trade with the colonies by 1785, and by 1792 trade between Britain and Europe had doubled. Additionally, while Britain gained an even larger national debt, it was in a position to live with it, and there were no financially motivated rebellions like those in France. Indeed, Britain was able to support several armies during the Napoleonic wars and field its own instead of paying for other people. Its been said that Britain actually prospered from losing the war. Effect on Ireland Many in Ireland opposed British rule and saw the American Revolution as a lesson to be followed and a set of brothers fighting against Britain. While Ireland had a parliament, only Protestants voted for it and the British could control it, which was far from ideal. Campaigners for reform in Ireland reacted to the struggle in America by organizing groups of armed volunteers and a boycott of British imports. The British were afraid a full-blown revolution would emerge in Ireland  and made concessions. Britain relaxed its trade restrictions on Ireland, so they could trade with British colonies and freely export wool, and reformed the government by allowing non-Anglicans to hold public office. They repealed the Irish Declaratory Act, which had secured Irelands dependence on Britain while granting full legislative independence. The result was that Ireland remained part of the British Empire. Political Effect A government that can survive a failed war without pressure is rare, and Britains failure in the American Revolution led to demands for constitutional reform. The hardcore of government was criticized for the way it had run the war and for the apparent power it had, with fears that Parliament had ceased to represent the views of the people—except for the wealthy—and was simply approving everything the government did. Petitions flooded from the Association Movement demanding a pruning of the king’s government, the expansion of voting, and a redrawing of the electoral map. Some even demanded universal manhood suffrage. The Association Movement had huge power around early 1780, and it achieved widespread support. That did not last long. In June 1780 the Gordon Riots paralyzed London for almost a week with destruction and murder. While the cause of the riots was religious, landowners and moderates were frightened away from supporting more reform and the Association Movement declined. Political machinations throughout the early 1780s also produced a government with little inclination for constitutional reform. The moment passed. Diplomatic and Imperial Effect Britain may have lost 13 colonies in America, but it retained Canada and land in the Caribbean, Africa, and India. It began to expand in these regions, building what has been called the Second British Empire, which eventually became the largest dominion in world history. Britain’s role in Europe was not diminished, its diplomatic power was soon restored, and it was able to play a key role in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars despite the loss across the sea.

The Epidemic of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) - 2524 Words

One of the growing epidemics of young adults in the United States is the dependence and/or abuse of alcohol, which is commonly referred to as alcoholism. The condition is described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V, as an alcohol use disorder (AUD), a type of substance abuse disorder, which encompasses both alcohol abuse and dependence. More specifically AUD is defined as, â€Å"medical conditions that doctors can diagnose when a patient’s drinking causes distress or harm (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2007).† When the reliance or use of alcohol interferes with daily functioning, or causes greater harm to the one’s self, it can then be looked at as a disorder. According to the DSM-V, patients†¦show more content†¦The researchers of this study hypothesize that there is in fact a strong relationship between AUDs and childhood maltreatment in emerging adults. They speculate this because alcohol is used as a coping method for many with childhood abuse, and this particular age group is more prone to psychological disorders since they are still developing and maturing. Also this study wanted to find how likely people living with this disorder in this age group, would seek treatment. The way this study was carried out was, through a survey called the NESARC that was administered to a group of 43,093 individuals in the first wave of interview questions, and 34,653 individuals in the second wave of the survey. Wave 2 assessed childhood maltreatment, and all the data collected by face-to-face interviews. Childhood maltreatment was measured through different questions based on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Conflict Tactics Scale. The questions asked the subjects about whether they have ever experienced emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, or physical neglect. For physical abuse, individuals were asked, â€Å"How often did a parent or other adult living in your home push, grab, shove, slap, or hit you?† and â€Å"How often did a parent or other adult living in your home hit you so hard that you had marks or bruises or were injured?† Respondents were able to respond on a spectrum ranging from never to very often. For thisShow MoreRelated Alcohol Consumption Essay2409 Words   |  10 PagesAlcohol consumption poses a threat for many public health harms. Impaired driving is one of the largest contributors to motor vehicle crashes (Burris, Grunwald, Anderson, Filippoli, 2011). In the United States each year roughly 13,400 people die and an additional 255,500 are injured in motor vehicle crashes involving an alcohol-impaired driver according to Burris et al., 2011. In 2006, these crashes accounted for almost a third of all U.S. traffic-related deaths (Burris et al., 2011). AlcoholRead MoreMarijuana Subculture1712 Words   |   7 Pageshas an approved list of drugs that are considered legal and illegal that create adverse side effects and hold diverse political views. Marijuana is a substance that popular media holds in a negative undertone while other drugs such as valium and alcohol are supported, if not glorified. Popular media is a powerful tool that gathers a mass of people and provides all types of information. Some types of information are historical facts, statistics, entertainment, opinions, and biases which alter theRead MoreIntroduction. Currently The Legal Age To Consume Alcoholic1817 Words   |  8 Pagesin the United States is 21 years old. Alcohol is the cause of 88,000 deaths per year in the United States (CDC, 2014). The following numbers include: drunk driving, homicides with alcohol involved, and alcohol poisoning. This is a high average for the current minimum legal drinking age, and the number of deaths continues to increase each year. Alcohol fatalities are considered a prevent ative death in the United States, which means fatalities that include alcohol can be avoided, by simply being responsibleRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On Family Relationships1953 Words   |  8 Pages This paper explains the effects alcohol can have on relationships and individuals, whether that is relating to physical or mental health. Marital and family relationships are significant types of bonds that can be destroyed by the mental illness of alcoholism. Abuse and detachment are two of the most common factors that can result from the way alcohol weakens relationships. Drinking can mend the mental health of an alcoholic in many harmful ways. Depression and anxiety can be the cause as well

Development of a PSYOPS Plan Free Essays

Human beings are social beings and are involved in a lot of activities to either sustain them or perform them for their own interests and image. Some of these activities need a lot preparation for them to be accomplished without a hitch. Preparation of future activities may involve equipment, psychological and all other resources that may be vital in the successful accomplishment of the planned activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of a PSYOPS Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most important is the mind set of each and every person who is present in the activity which is usually called the psychological operations plan (PYSOPS). This plan has been widely utilized by the armed forces and religious groups to influence a group of people’s way of reasoning or their emotions. This plan is also utilized by intelligence groups and the main objective of the plan is to induce immediate response to the target group. This may also involve conveying information that has psychological effect to the community. The main objective of this plan is to create conditions for the well being of the human body by reducing stress and hardening or teaching people on how to cope with certain situations. Community survey in development of PYSOPS plan For the purpose of reducing insecurity in a society there is need to establish community based organizations or programs with the aim of protecting the individuals within that society. As a result, highly specialized security personnel protect the society from crimes by obtaining information on the possible criminal activities in the future there by enhancing security in the society. Private security personnel are the ones with the responsibility of collecting all the necessary information to protect the community from future criminal activities. Private security is increasingly becoming popular in many societies because it has enhanced reduction in criminal activities. Private policing is advantageous over public policing in that the former is not influenced by constitution principles thus independent. There are limitations to the PYSOPS plan which has limited the delivery of the PYSOPS mission and objectives for instance there is a limitation of the funds required to pass information to a large mass of people. This is because the PYSOPS plan projects are greatly underfunded thus unable to afford the funds needed for advertisements thus unable to reach many people. Lack of sufficient funds means that the PYSOPS is unable to provide the relevant information and there fore the organization is unable to protect the community from future criminal activities since the private security will not have enough personnel to cope up with the crime rates. PYSOPS is lack modern equipments and therefore will be unable to meet the objectives that ought to be accomplished. This is because of the fact that there is under funding of psychological operation plan. There are also cases of equipment failures because the PYSOPS personnel is not adequately trained on the equipments that they should utilize and therefore unable to operate these equipments effectively. This factor is attributed by the fact that the personnel to be recruited to PYSOPS barely cover half of the course they are supposed to cover and therefore naà ¯ve in the way they should operate. The plan is therefore unable to pass the influential information to the target groups. PYSOPS management is poorly planned as the executives are less trained and therefore translates to their inability to strategically plan on how to meet the demands of the community and the nation at large. Planning is a vital aspect in all organizations and there fore poor planning will mean that even the laid down missions are poorly planned and there is no way poorly planned projects will prosper or be accomplished. Conclusion P YSOPS is a plan that requires a lot of attention from the government and should be funded accordingly with the necessary equipments. The personnel working in these plans should be adequately trained to ensure that they come up with viable planning strategies to ensure that the demands of the community are accomplished effectively. How to cite Development of a PSYOPS Plan, Papers

My Antonia Summary free essay sample

Summary: Introduction The novel opens with an unnamed narrator recounting a train trip through Iowa the previous summer with an old friend named Jim Burden, with whom the narrator grew up in a small Nebraska town. The narrator recalls talking with Jim about childhood on the prairie, and then notes that while they both live in New York, they dont see each other much, since Jim is frequently away on business and since the narrator doesnt really like Jims wife. The narrator resumes talking about the train trip with Jim through Iowa, adding that their discussion kept returning to a girl named †¦ntonia, ith whom the narrator had lost touch but with whom Jim had renewed his friendship. The narrator recounts that Jim mentioned writing down his memories of †¦ntonia; the narrator expressed to Jim an interest in reading these writings. A few months later in New York, according to the narrator, Jim brought a portfolio of writings about †¦ntonia to show to the narrator. The narrator adds that Jim, wanting to title the work, wrote †¦ntonia across the front of the portfolio before frowning and scribbling MY before †¦ntonia. Summary: Chapter I As the narrative begins, Jim is ten years old, newly orphaned and making the trip est from Virginia to stay with his grandparents in Black Hawk, Nebraska. He is traveling in the company of a farmhand named Jake Marpole, who is slightly older but who, like Jim, has limited experience of the wider world. Beyond Chicago, a friendly conductor informs Jim that an immigrant family, the Shimerdas, are also bound for Black Hawk. Among this Bohemian family, the only one who speaks any English is †¦ntonia, a young girl about Jims age. Once the train reaches Black Hawk, Jim and Jake disembark, and one of the Burdens hired men, Otto Fuchs, meets them. Before departing for the Burden farm, Jim bserves the Shimerdas preparing to set off as well. The emptiness of the Nebraska landscape at night overwhelms Jim as he travels in the Jolting wagon. Eventually, he falls asleep on a bed of straw as the wagon travels into the night. Summary: Chapter II The next afternoon, at the farm, Jims grandmother, Mrs. Burden, awakens him and draws a bath for him. Afterward, Jim explores his new surroundings while Mrs. Burden prepares the evening meal. At supper, Jake discusses Virginia with the Burdens. Later, Otto tells stories of ponies and cattle to Jim, and the evening concludes with some family prayers. In the morning, Jim begins to take in the landscape around the farm. When he accompanies Mrs. Burden to the garden to pick potatoes for supper, he stays behind after her and sits quietly among the pumpkins. Summary: Chapter Ill neighbors. Mrs. Burden explains that someone took advantage of the Shimerdas when they decided to move to Black Hawk by overcharging for a farmhouse not suited to the harsh Nebraska winters. Mrs. Shimerda greets the Burdens upon arrival, and Mrs. Burden presents her with some loaves of bread. They exchange greetings, and, as the adults begin talking, Jim and †¦ntonia run off to play with her oungest sister, Yulka, trailing behind. As they wander through the grass, Jim teaches †¦ntonia a few English words. When the Burdens prepare to depart, Mr. Shimerda entreats Mrs. Burden to teach English to †¦ntonia. Summary: Chapter IV Later that same day, Jim takes his first of many long pony rides. As he rides, he reflects on Ottos story that the sunflowers that fill the prairies sprang from seeds scattered by Mormons on their way to Utah. Jim rides twice a week to the post office, and he describes many other rides that he takes simply to wander or explore the local wildlife, with †¦ntonia accompanying him at times. Jim begins giving †¦ntonia regular English lessons, and she loves to help Mrs. Burden around the house. Summary: Chapter V One afternoon in late autumn, †¦ntonia takes Jim to visit a pair of Russian immigrants whom her family has befriended. Only Peter is at home, but he shows †¦ntonia and Jim his milking cow and feeds them a snack of melons. He then entertains them by playing a number of tunes on his harmonica. As †¦ntonia and Jim leave, Peter presents †¦ntonia with a sack of cucumbers for her mother, along with a pail of milk to cook them in. Summary: Chapter VI On another fall day, near sunset, †¦ntonia and Jim encounter Mr. Shimerda, who has recently caught three rabbits. This bounty will provide food for the family and a winter hat for †¦ntonia. Mr. Shimerda promises to give his gun to Jim when Jim is older. Jim notes that Mr. Shimerda seems sad, which leaves a deep impression on Jim. As daylight wanes, the Shimerdas return to their farm, and Jim races his shadow home. Analysis: Introduction-Book l, Chapter VI Several sections of My †¦ntonia preface the novels actual narrative: in addition to the introduction, Cather includes an epigraph and a dedication. The epigraph, from Virgils Georgics (a long poem about farming life), reads: Optima dies ima fugit, a Latin phrase meaning The best days are the first to flee. Cathers -dedication†To Carrie and Irene Miner above the words In memory of affections old and true† further emphasizes the nostalgic intent of the novel. From the very beginning, My †¦ntonia presents itself- unmistakably as a novel imbued with strong yearnings for a vanished past. Cather provides a frame for the narrative by way of a narrated introduction, which gives the reader some psychological distance from the intensely personal voice of the memoir that forms the core of the novel. Although the introductions content is fairly traightforward, it remains a curious document nonetheless†indeed, we are not sure whether we are supposed to consider the introduction as fact or fiction. The only concrete biographical information revealed about the narrator of the introduction concerns a childhood spent in rural Nebraska and a present existence in New York. While it may be plausible to assume that this narrator is Cather herself, given that Cather has these locales in common with the narrator, the text offers no proof of this hypothesis. Several critics have noted My †¦ntonia as a bold departure from American literature f its time, one of the first novels written by a woman to feature a male narrator and deserving of special attention because of the autobiographical elements in the text. Jim begins the novel as a ten-year-old orphan, moving cross-country from Virginia to Nebraska to live with his grandparents. Although Cather was not orphaned at age ten, she too made the move from Virginia to Nebraska to live with her grandparents, and the change of scenery had a profound effect upon her experience and her memory. It is always difficult to assess the importance of biography and invention in iction, but it seems reasonable to assume that Cather employs a liberal amount of each. Cather was a rather tomboyish child, a trait that would certainly enhance her own capacity to get inside the head of a male narrator. In addition, her many intense childhood and adult friendships with women would allow her to paint a nostalgic picture of an immigrant frontier girl. To say that Cather herself is Jim Burden, however, may be to overstep the mark. Rather, it is Cathers willingness to combine biographical recollection with fictional experimentation (the use of a male narrator, or example) that merits note. Jims remark, upon presenting his portfolio to the narrator in the introduction†I didnt take time to arrange it; I simply wrote down pretty much all that her name recalls to me. I suppose it hasnt any form†prefgures the novels extremely episodic nature. The memoir, the core of the novel, features little snippets of memory pasted loosely together. In place of a focused plot, Cather gives her attention to lengthy descriptions of the characters who populate the novel and, perhaps even more important, of the austere landscape that they inhabit. The close relationship between humans and their environment is a major theme in My †¦ntonia and one of the ideas that Cather explored throughout her literary career. In My †¦ntonia, the focus is on landscape-†the natural, physical settings in which the characters live and move. Among Cathers characters, Jim is especially sensitive to his environment, to the point that he invests human qualities in the landscape around him. Because of the scarcity of trees in the area, for instance, Jim remarks, we used to feel anxious about them, and visit them as if they were persons. His ability to treat rees as people reflects his compassion for nature. Although Jim realizes that botanists have demonstrated the sunflower to be native to the Nebraska region, he prefers to believe Otto Fuchss story that the Mormons scattered the seeds from which the local sunflowers grew on their flight westward. For Jim, this romantic legend supersedes scientific explanation, and he prefers keeps the landscape as something to dream about, not necessarily as something to understand rationally. Summary: Chapter VII One day, †¦ntonia and Jim ride Jims pony to Peters house to borrow a spade for Ambrosch, her older brother. On the way home, they stop to examine a group of prairie-dog holes. Suddenly, †¦ntonia spots an enormous snake and lets out a scream, which causes the snake to coil in their direction. She points at the snake and shouts at Jim in her native Bohemian.

15 Quick and Easy College Breakfast Ideas

15 Quick and Easy College Breakfast Ideas If youre one of the rare college students who actually eat breakfast, chances are youre rushed for time and short on ideas. And if youre one of the many college students who skip breakfast, chances are youre hungry for most of the day. Eating breakfast- even during your crazy-busy college years- is, as your mom told you, highly important. That little morning meal can help you focus, maintain your energy, prevent you from overeating throughout the day, and generally help kick-start your day. So what kinds of things can you eat that wont break the bank- or your waistline? 15 College Breakfast Ideas Muffins. You can buy pre-packaged muffins or you can make them yourself. Either way, they wont go stale for a while and they are easy to grab (and eat!) as youre running out the door.Toasted English muffin and peanut butter. Its easy. Its cheap. And its full of protein to help you power through your day.Peanut butter and jelly. Even the busiest of students can find 30 seconds to put together this classic sandwich.A piece of fresh fruit. Consider an apple or a banana- theyre natures original to-go foods and theyre good for you, too.Granola or energy bars. Keep an eye on the calories, but these little bars can pack a big dose of protein to help you make it through your morning.Veggies. Who says you can only have fruit for breakfast? Grab a bag of baby carrots and munch all the way to class. Added bonus: You can keep the snack bag with you throughout the day and munch as needed.Yogurt. You can get yogurt in a cup, in a smoothie, or even in a frozen pop. And yogurt is a healthy breakfast that often tastes like dessert. Whats not to like? Cereal and milk. Its a classic for a reason. Consider buying cereal in bulk, too; you can split it with your friends and save some serious cash.Dry cereal in a baggie. Dont have time to eat a nice bowl of your favorite cereal with milk? Pour some cereal in a Ziploc bag for an instant, on-the-go snack.Trail mix. The stuff can last for weeks and is a great way to power up without losing too much time- or cash. Just make sure the mix you choose isnt candy in disguise.Breakfast burritos. You can buy frozen ones you can heat up in the microwave, or make your own ahead of time for maximum convenience and savings. Tortillas scrambled eggs cheese other tasty items an awesome breakfast you can eat on the run. Consider adding leftovers from last nights dinner (veggies, rice, beans, and meat) for variety and extra flavor.Frozen waffles or pancakes. You can buy these frozen or make them yourself and then freeze them. Either way, a quick drop in the toaster or microwave leads to a great hot b reakfast with little to no effort. Pop Tarts or their equivalent. Consider buying a generic brand; youll save money but still get a little morning treat.Cheese and crackers. Cut a few slices of cheese, grab some crackers, and throw everything in a small Ziploc bag. Youll have a tasty breakfast ready in under a minute.Dried fruit. A small baggie of dried apricots, pineapples, apples, or other fruits you enjoy is an easy way to get a healthy, fruit-based breakfast- without having to worry about the fruit going bad. Consider buying in bulk to save money.

buy custom Identifying a Patient essay

buy custom Identifying a Patient essay Establishing whether a patient is new or established is proving to be a very controversial issue. Every practitioner has his/her way of identifying a patient thus making it difficult for there to be a standard way of determining patients. While new policies define a new patient differently, practitioners who follow the old policies find themselves in a mix not knowing which policies to exactly follow. While the definitions are almost self explanatory, it is not clear to everyone what they precisely mean. A new patient can be defined as one who has never received any medical or other professional care from either the same or a different practitioner but serving in the same capacity or in the same professional group as the initial practitioner for a period of three years (Anderson, 2004, p. 3). An established patient on the other hand is one who has at one point received medical and other specialized services from the same practitioner or any other practitioner who serves in the same area of expertise or in the same group as the initial practitioner. A patient however qualifies to be called an established patient if his/her consecutive visits fall within three year. If this period exceeds three years, then the patient is treated like a new patient (Anderson, 2004, p. 21). Like any other aspect of healthcare service delivery, the distinction between an established and a new patient and providing appropriate coding for them has been complex in the past few years. This distinction is very important in billing and coding in that it helps the practitioners in giving the appropriate codes for established and new patients. One major difference between their codes is that established patients codes require the satisfaction of only two key components, exam and medical decisions while the codes for new patients require three components, the two mentioned above plus their medical history since it is not with the physician (Anderson, 2004, p. 3). Established patients codes range between 99211 and 99215 while new patients codes range between 99201 and 99205 (Abbey, 2008, p. 157). Appropriate coding therefore enables the patients to achieve accurate compensation and get better healthcare. Correct coding and billing also increases the standards of compliance for both the patients and their physicians (Abbey, 2008, p. 164). Buy custom Identifying a Patient essay

Data Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Project - Essay Example The Figure 2 shows the outliers of the mean is 180390 as it falls away from the normal curve as shown in Figure one; this is determined by 1.5*IQR on the whisker plot. The mean annual salary in the US is $97486. Table 1 shows that the arithmetic mean of annual wage is $97486 with a sample population size N =61, the measure of dispersion of the data SD = 23362; the variation indicates the dispersion figure from the mean. The Range = 123270 shows the difference in salaries scales between the maximum or the highest earning manager and the minimum or the lowest earning manager. The Skewness = 1.04 shows that the data is skewed to the right with Leptokurtic distribution as Kurtosis = 3.75, this shows that the values are concentrated to the mean. Table 2 shows the minimum wage of 57120 and a max of 180390, the values shows a measure of viability of IQR = 26270 and a range of 123270. The measure of central tendency is well measured using median = 99660. I preferred the use of 5-number summary because it gives me an easier way to visualize the central tendency of the data. The US salaries in top senior management of C-Level and top managers has a great variation between the lowest paid and the highest paid. The Average wage is 97 $97000 with most managers earning approximately the same figure with measure of central tendency indicating the same. There is a outliers earnings that are way above the normal earnings. The statistical package Minitab made me learn how to manipulate the data more easily with more capabilities of giving us more accurate answers, clear graphs and

Economic developments in Germany and their impact on the EU economy Essay

Economic developments in Germany and their impact on the EU economy - Essay Example This paper demonstrates the main two economic pillars behind the unification were the theories of ‘Regional Trading Block’ and ‘Optimum Currency Area’. The former deals with a free trade area with a two-tier tariff system i.e. zero tariffs within the union members and some positive rate of tariff for the non union-members. (Robson 1999: 109-110) The latter deals with the introduction of a unique currency; it would enable the member states to enjoy the benefit of a fixed exchange rate system with the facility of full currency convertibility. (Krugman and Obstfeld, 1997: 631-33) The simultaneous functioning of a trading block and the optimum currency area was the main theoretical standpoint of the European Union and economic integration was the result of that. Economic integration is desired for the transfer of the benefit of economic development of one country to another. (Czinkota, Rivoli, Ronkainen 1989: 14-16) Let us consider the economic development of Germany and its influence on the European Union. Here our analysis would be concentrated on the economic development of Germany after the establishment of EU. German economy marks itself as a social market economy as the government undertakes a wide array of social services. As German economy is highly export oriented it advocated for European economic integration. After unification German commercial policies have been highly centred towards union. The social reform policies adopted by Germany for the welfare of the society and the structural industrial reform enhanced the performance of the economy and its global competitiveness. (US Dept of State 2008)

Black Art Movement and the Harlem Renaissance Essay

Black Art Movement and the Harlem Renaissance - Essay Example At this period, there was also an interest being formed for jazz music with many white Americans that enjoyed the new sounds of lyrical black expression. One notable writer from this Harlem Renaissance period was Henry Dumas, who wrote a collection of short stories that described the efforts of different civil rights activists to describing the â€Å"lethal strength of a sax solo†, in order to celebrate the African-American spirit and movement toward liberation as a culture. Another novelist, Amiri Baraka, helped to build Black Dialogue, a publication facility that supported black arts. In his poetry, which was considered very risquà © during the Harlem Renaissance, he spoke of â€Å"fists beating niggers out of jocks or setting fire and death to whities ass† as a means to show African-American defiance against racial intolerance. It is poetry like this that often caused social uprising in different black social groups and reminded them that they were still an oppresse d people, therefore inspiring the next generation of blacks to explore artistry as a means to help in the cause for civil rights. The black arts movement involved many different African-American artists that often used their creative expression and poetry to influence others to reconsider their role in broader, White society. It is likely that without these historical figures, prominent leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X would not have been inspired to use peaceful protest that marks the current state of liberation.

Best Practice of Suturing Wounds Within Pre-Hospital Setting

Best Practice of Suturing Wounds Within Pre-Hospital Setting Title: Review of best practice of suturing wounds within the pre-hospital and emergency department setting. Essay Suturing as a treatment for cutaneous wounds has been known to mankind for millennia. The Indian Surgeon Susruta (AD c380-c450) described techniques for skin closure using flax, hemp, and hair. Jaws of the common black ant were also known to be used at about this time. Galen recommended silk and catgut in about 150 AD. A Roman, Avicenna, is credited with describing the first monofilament suture in the form of pig bristles for infected wounds. (Moy R L et al. 2002) Suture material may have evolved from the first recorded human hair and fibrous vegetable material to highly sophisticated sterile materials with integral needles, but the basic optimum technique of â€Å"closing dead space, supporting and strengthening wounds until healing increases their tensile strength, approximating skin edges for an aesthetically pleasing and functional result, and minimizing the risks of bleeding and infection.† are largely unchanged. (Scott M 1993) In consideration of this subject, this essay will consider suturing in the context of the suturing of wounds in an Accident and Emergency Dept. or the pre-hospital setting as opposed to other considerations of suturing that are possible. The different ways of suturing. There are a great many different ways to suture a wound. The method employed will depend on factors such as the site and nature of the wound as much as it depends upon the training and experience of the operator In the general context, wounds may be closed by either primary or secondary suturing. Primary suturing takes place shortly after the injury and requires minimal cleaning and preparation. Secondary closure takes place when a delay of more than 24 hrs has occurred and requires a surgical â€Å"freshening† of the wound to remove and infection and granulation tissue. The presence of reddening or oedema of the wound margins, discharge of pus, persistent fever, or systemic toxicity are indications that primary closure should not be attempted as any infection in the wound must be controlled before closure takes place. If the decision to suture is taken, this should ideally (with very few emergency exceptions) take place in controlled sterile surroundings with proper suturing equipment. In terms of different ways of suturing, one can note that the textbooks suggest many different varieties of mechanisms with varying degrees of sophistication for closing skin in different circumstances. In broad terms however, sutures can be interrupted (single) or continuous (running suture), transcutaneous or subcuticular. Associated Infection risks to suturing in the pre hospital setting and the emergency department There is a considerable literature relating to bite wounds and the rationale underpinning the decision whether or not to suture in the pre-hospital setting. The authoritative papers in this area have identified Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Eikenella, Pasturella, Proteus, Klebsiella, Hemophilus, Enterobacter, Capnocytophaga carnivorous (DF-2) and Bacteroides species as being frequent contaminants of animal bite wounds and such wounds must receive careful antiseptic treatment prior to suturing. (Morgan M et al. 2007) One definitive study on the subject of whether prophylactic antibiotics are important over and above standard wound cleaning and debridement found that a greater number of patients developed wound infections if they did not receive prophylactic antibiotics with deeper wounds being more likely to develop infection than superficial ones.( Dire D J 2001). In broad terms, suturing must be carried out with rigorous aseptic technique. By definition, this refers to the absence of pathogenic organisms. It may well be that the wound to be treated is already infected by its nature (viz. an animal bite or a dirty wound) but the aseptic technique is central to ensuring that no further infection is introduced into the wound. The main principles of an aseptic technique include: Keeping the exposure of susceptible sites to a minimum Ensuring appropriate hand decontamination prior to the procedure Using gloves (sterile or non-sterile, depending on the nature of the susceptible site) Ensuring that all fluids and materials used are sterile Checking that all packs used are sterile and show no evidence of damage Ensuring that contaminated and non-sterile items are not placed in the sterile field Not reusing single-use items Reducing staff and/or bystander activity (wherever possible) in the immediate vicinity of the area in which the procedure is to be performed. (HCAI 2008) In any discussion of infection risks, one must not overlook the possibility of the reverse infection of healthcare professionals becoming infected by coming into contact with tissue fluids from the patient. Scrupulous attention to the Health Dept’s published guidance on protection against infection with blood-borne viruses for healthcare professionals in 1998 (UKHD 1998) should help to minimise the risk of blood-borne virus transmission to health care workers from patients. Suturing always carries the attendant risk of a needle prick injury even in the most experienced hands. An unexpected move from the patient, a sudden thread break of even inattention, can easily have major repercussions if it results in a stick wound to the operator. (Bosch X 2003) Pros and cons of suturing. The purpose of a suture is to hold the edges of a wound together in good stable apposition until the natural healing processes are sufficiently well established to make the support provided by the suture material unnecessary and redundant. There is a distinct difference however, between the results from good and bad suturing. For example, if sutures are made excessively tight, the tissue becomes ischaemic from the pressure. This encourages persistence of infection and tissue necrosis. Too many sutures will also make a wound ischaemic. Materials which are multifilament or braided can allow bacteria to enter the wound (by wick action) but can exclude phagocytes. It is therefore appropriate to draw distinctions between the results obtained from optimal suturing and poor suturing. Sutures are not the only mechanism available for achieving wound closure. Synthetic and natural tissue glues, surgical staples and flexible non-tensile tapes all have their place in maintaining wound edge apposition. Choice of technique is dependent on the anatomy of the area to be closed, whether it is going to be exposed to movement stresses, as well as the type and depth of the wound itself. Criteria for the choice of closure is a vast subject and beyond the scope of a modest essay, but decisions for optimum means of wound closure have great implications for successful healing and good aesthetic results. (Spotnitz W D et al. 1997) Training involved to enable medical staff to perform suturing. Training staff to suture requires a combination of a knowledge of the physiology of the healing processes, anatomy and clinical experience. There are a number of teaching aids commercially available for suture training. It is not simply a matter of learning how to suture, but the motor skills are also capable of considerable enhancement once the basic techniques are acquired. (Judkins T N et al. 2008) Suturing v non suturing of wounds. Are there benefits to these alternative methods? Suturing has been tried and tested with modern materials for many years. It does have the downside that, in inexperienced hands it can have sub-optimal effects with poor aesthetic and functional results, wound ischaemia if done too tightly and raises the possibility of pathogens entering the wound along the suture line. Alternative methods of skin closure have been developed over the last 40 years including various glues and sealants. The majority are fibrin / thrombin based. The current commercially available glues are bacteriologically and virally sterile (which contrasts to the biologically derived early varieties). Glues have the downside that they are not good in sites that are under considerable tensile stress. Full thickness wounds, particularly those that involve the deeper structures need deep sutures to minimise stresses in the skin. Glues are best for minor skin wounds. (Mintz P D et al. 2001) Adhesive strips are used for minor wounds and have the advantages that they have less of an inflammatory reaction than sutures, lower infection rates and no risk of abscess development at suture locations. They also have greater tensile strength when used late in the healing process and are cheap. Staples are used for wound closure primarily in surgical situations. They require considerable practice and expertise in use for optimal results. Some authorities advocate their use in the pre-hospital setting (particularly on the sports field) to minimise blood contamination and to allow suturing at a later stage. (Orchard J W 2004) Paramedics suturing skills within pre hospital setting. There are a number of studies which have been done which demonstrate that, within the hospital setting, to use paramedics for suturing duties can reduce the number of patients who are waiting to see a medical practitioner by up to 25%. This study also noted a patient satisfaction rate that was superior to having to wait to see a doctor or nurse. There was no difference in the morbidity rates after one month. Those who object in principle to this use of a paramedic on the grounds that it would require training beyond the expertise of the practitioner would find the argument hard to support when one considers that paramedics are currently trained in more sophisticated skills such as intubation, cardiac resuscitation and critical patient assessment. Hale presented a prospective double blind trial to determine if Paramedics could determine which wounds could be safely repaired in the pre-hospital situation and found a very high correlation (almost 100%) between emergency specialists and paramedics in the wounds that were excluded from pre- hospital repair. The paramedics tended to be slightly more cautions than the emergency specialists in identifying which wounds should be brought into the hospital setting. (Hale D et al. 2000) Different types of sutures and there pros and cons, number of days that sutures should be in situ for. Even a brief overview of available suture materials would extend to many pages. In general terms therefore one has to consider the two major categories of Absorbable and Non-absorbable suture material. In general terms, absorbable sutures are to be preferred unless there is a need to fixate an anatomical structure. These two categories can be further subdivided into the braided group (which have properties of tissue drag and a capillary filling effect but handle well) and the monofilament group which slide easily but can be more difficult to retain a knot. Of the absorbable varieties, the modern synthetic types undergo hydrolysis in the tissues, produce minimal tissue reaction and their degradation products are CO 2 and H2O. Examples are Polyglycolic acid, Polydioxanon and Polylactate Studies show that all three retain their tensile strength until clinical tissue healing is complete with Polyglycolic acid being 60% absorbed within 21 days and Polylactates being 75% absorbed in 14 days. (Hsiao W C et al. 2000) Non-absorbable suture materials include silk, linen and cotton with synthetic varieties including nylon and Dacron and wire. References Bosch X. Second case of doctor-to-patient HIV transmission. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2003; 3: 261. Dire D J (2001) Cat bite wounds : risk factors for infection. Ann Emerg Med 2001 Sep; 20 (9) : 973 9. Hale D, Sipprell K (2000) Ability Of Paramedics to determine which wounds can be repaired in the field. Pre-Hospital Emergency Care. Volume 4, Number 3, July September 2000 , pp. 245 249 (5) HCAI and Cleanliness Division Ambulance staff . Reducing infection through effective practice in the pre-hospital environment. Dept. of Health Publication HMSO : London 18th June 2008 Hsiao W C, Young K C, Wang S T, Lin P W. (2000) Incisional hernia after laparotomy : randomised comparison between early-absorbable and late-absorbable suture materials. World J Surg 2000; 24 : 747 751. Judkins T N, Oleynikov D, Stergiou N. et al. (2008) Enhanced Robotic Surgical Training Using Augmented Visual Feedback. Surgical Innovation, Vol. 15, No. 1, 59 68 (2008) Mintz P D, Mayers L, Avery N, Flanagan H L, Burks S G, Spotnitz W D.(2001) Fibrin Sealant : Clinical Use and the Development of the University of Virginia Tissue Adhesive Center. Annals of Clinical Laboratory Science 31 : 108 118 (2001) Morgan M, Palmer J. (2007) Dog bites. BMJ. 2007 Feb 24; 334 (7590) : 413 7. Moy R L, Waldman B, Hein D W. (2002) A review of sutures and suturing techniques. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. Sep 2002; 18 (9) : 785 95 Orchard J W (2004) Video illustration of staple gun use to rapidly repair on-field head laceration. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38 : e 7 Scott M. (1993) 32,000 years of sutures. N Engl J Med. . May 1993; 20 ( 5) : 15 27. Spotnitz W D, Falstrom J K, Rodeheaver G T. (1997) The role of sutures and fibrin sealant in wound healing. Surg Clin North Am. Jun 1997; 77 (3) : 651 69. UKHD (1998) UK Health Departments. Guidance for clinical health care workers: protection against blood-borne viruses. London : Department of Health, 1998. ################################################################ 12.12.2008 Word count 2,259 PDG

The Necklace :: Character analysis, Loisel

In the short story â€Å"The Necklace†, the main character, Loisel, is a woman who dreams of greater things in her life. She is married to a poor clerk who tries his best to make her happy no matter what. In an attempt to try to bring happiness to his wife, he manages to get two invitations to a very classy ball, but even in light of this Loisel is still unhappy. Even when she gets a new dress she is still unhappy. This lasts until her husband suggests she borrows some jewelry from a friend, and upon doing so she is finally happy. Once the ball is over, and they reach home, Loisel has the horrible realization that she has lost the necklace, and after ten years of hard labor and suffering, they pay off debts incurred to get a replacement. The central idea of this story is how something small can have a life changing effect on our and others life’s. This idea is presented through internal and external conflicts, third person omniscient point of view, and the round-dynamic character of Loisel. The third person limited omniscient point-of-view is prevalent throughout this short story in the way that the author lets the reader only see into the main character’s thoughts. Loisel is revealed to the reader as being unhappy with her life and wishing for fancier things. â€Å"She suffered ceaselessly, feeling herself born for all the delicacies and all the luxuries.† (de Maupassant 887) When her husband tries to fancy things up, â€Å"she thought of dainty dinners, of shining silverware, of tapestry which peopled the walls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (de Maupassant 887) As the story goes on her point of view changes, as she â€Å"now knew the horrible existence of the needy. She took her part, moreover all of a sudden, with heroism.† (de Maupassant 891) Having the accountability to know that the â€Å"dreadful debt must be paid.† (de Maupassant 891 ) This point-of-view is used to help the reader gain more insight to how Loisel’s whole mindset is changed throughout her struggle to pay off their debts. Maupassant only reveals the thoughts and feelings of these this main character leaving all the others as flat characters. Loisel is a round-dynamic character in that Maupassant shows how she thought she was born in the wrong â€Å"station†. â€Å"She dressed plainly because she could not dress well, but she was as unhappy as though she had really fallen from her proper station.